Referencias bibliográficas Abraham, F., Konings, J., & Slootmaekers, V. (2006). FDI spillovers, firm heterogeneity and degree of ownership: evidence from Chinese manufacturing. Unpublished Paper, Department of Economics, Catholic University of Leuven, November. Achcaoucaou, F., Miravitlles, P., & Leon-Darder, F. (2014). Knowledge sharing and subsidiary R&D mandate development: A matter of dual embeddedness. International Business Review, 23(1), 76-90. Aitken, B., & Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. The American Economic Review, 89(3), 605-618. Albis, N., & Alvarez, I. (2014). Desempeño innovador de las subsidiarias de empresas multinacionales en la industria manufacturera en Colombia. Working Paper, N° 08/14, Madrid, Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved from Álvarez, I., & Cantwell, J. (2011). International Integration and Mandates of Innovative Subsidiaries in Spain. International Journal of Institutions and Economies, 3(3), 415-444. Alvarez, I., Marin, R., & Santos‐Arteaga, F. J. (2015). Foreign direct investment entry modes, development and technological spillovers. The Manchester School, 83(5), 568-603. Archibugi, D., & Michie, J. (1995). The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), 121-140. Balcet, G., & Evangelista, R. (2005). Global technology: innovation strategies of foreign affilliates in Italy. Transnational corporations, 14(2), 53. Bas, C. L., & Sierra, C. (2002). Location versus home country advantages in R&D activities: some further results on multinationals’ locational strategies. Research Policy, 31(4), 589-609. Beck, N. (2001). Time-series-cross-section data: What have we learned in the past few years? Annual review of political science, 4(1), 271-293. Belderbos, R., Leten, B., & Suzuki, S. (2013). How global is R&D [quest] Firm-level determinants of home-country bias in R&D. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(8), 765-786. Bell, M. (1999). Firms, Politics and Political Economy: patterns of subsidiary-parent linkages and technological capability-building in electronics TNC subsidiaries in Malaysia. Industrial Technology Development in Malaysia, Londres: Routledge. Bell, M., Arza, V., Giuliani, E., & Marin, A. (2008). Evolving role of multinational enterprises in Latin American and Caribbean innovation systems. Birkinshaw, J., & Hood, N. (1998). Multinational subsidiary evolution: capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies. Academy of management review, 773-795. Blomström, M., & Kokko, A. (1998). Multinational corporations and spillovers. Journal of economic surveys, 12(3), 247-277. Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (2000). GMM estimation with persistent panel data: an application to production functions. Econometric reviews, 19(3), 321-340. Buckley, P. J., Wang, C., & Clegg, J. (2007). The impact of foreign ownership, local ownership and industry characteristics on spillover benefits from foreign direct investment in China. International Business Review, 16(2), 142-158. Cantwell, J. (1989). Technological innovation and multinational corporations. Cantwell, J. (1995). The globalisation of technology: what remains of the product cycle model? Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), 155-155. Cantwell, J. (2009). Location and the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(1), 35-41. Cantwell, J., & Janne, O. (1999). Technological globalisation and innovative centres: the role of corporate technological leadership and locational hierarchy1. Research Policy, 28(2-3), 119-144. Cantwell, J., & Mudambi, R. (2005). MNE competence creating subsidiary mandates. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1109-1128. Carlsson, B. (2006). Internationalization of innovation systems: A survey of the literature. Research Policy, 35(1), 56-67. Castellani, D., & Zanfei, A. (2005). Multinational Firms and Productivity Spillovers: the role of firms heterogeneity. In B. G. & H. Greve (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in the Global Firm (Progress In International Business Research) (Vol. 30). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Caves, R. E. (1974). Multinational firms, competition, and productivity in host-country markets. Economica, 176-193. Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (2015). Innovation and Learning: the two face of R&D. Economic Journal, 125(583), 546-573. Collinson, S. C., & Wang, R. (2012). The evolution of innovation capability in multinational enterprise subsidiaries: Dual network embeddedness and the divergence of subsidiary specialisation in Taiwan. Research Policy, 41(9), 1501-1518. Crespo, N., & Fontoura, M. P. (2007). Determinant factors of FDI spillovers–what do we really know? World Development, 35(3), 410-425. Criscuolo, C., Haskel, J., & Slaughter, M. (2010). Global engagement and the innovation activities of firms. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(2), 191-202. Driffield, N. (2006). On the search for spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) with spatial dependency. Regional Studies, 40(1), 107-119. Dunning, J. (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies, 1-31. Dunning, J., & Lundan, S. (2009). The Internationalization of Corporate R&D: A Review of the Evidence and Some Policy Implications for Home Countries1. Review of Policy Research, 26(1‐2), 13-33. Dunning, J., & Narula, R. (1995). The R&D activities of foreign firms in the United States. International Studies of Management & Organization, 25(1/2), 39-74. Fedesarrollo. (2007). Impacto de la Inversión Extranjera en Colombia: Situación Actual y Perspectivas. Bogotá: Fedesarrollo y Proexport. Retrieved from ftp://www.fedesarrollo.org.co/pub/infinv/2007/1.pdf Figueiredo, P., & Vedovello, C. (2005). Firms’ creative capabilities, the supporting innovation system and globalization in Southern Latin America: a bleak technological Outlook or a myopic standpoint? Evidence from a developing region in Brazil. Discussion Papers. Figueiredo, P. N., & Brito, K. (2011). The innovation performance of MNE subsidiaries and local embeddedness: evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 21, 141-165. Florida, R. (1997). The globalization of R&D: Results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA. Research Policy, 26(1), 85-103. Frost, T. S., Birkinshaw, J. M., & Ensign, P. C. (2002). Centers of excellence in multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 23(11), 997-1018. Galina, S., Camillo, E., & Consoni, F. (2011). R&D internationalization: a typology for the Brazilian subsidiaries of multinational companies. Ensaios FEE, 31(2), 346-371. Garay, L. (1998). Colombia: estructura industrial e internacionalización 1967-1996. Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Ghoshal, S., & Bartlett, C. A. (1990). The Multinational-Corporation as an Interorganizational Network. Academy of management review, 15(4), 603-625. Girma, S. (2005). Absorptive Capacity and Productivity Spillovers from FDI: A Threshold Regression Analysis*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(3), 281-306. Girma, S., Görg, H., & Pisu, M. (2008). Exporting, linkages and productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 41(1), 320-340. Giroud, A., Jindra, B., & Marek, P. (2012). Heterogeneous FDI in transition economies–A novel approach to assess the developmental impact of backward linkages. World Development, 40(11), 2206-2220. Globerman, S. (1979). Foreign Direct Investment and ‘Spillover’ Efficiency Benefits in Canadian Manufacturing Industries. Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique, 12(1), 42-56. Görg, H., & Greenaway, D. (2004). Much ado about nothing? Do domestic firms really benefit from foreign direct investment? The World Bank Research Observer, 19(2), 171-197. Greenaway, D., & Kneller, R. (2007). Firm heterogeneity, exporting and foreign direct investment*. The Economic Journal, 117(517), 134-161. Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 473-496. Ha, Y. J., & Giroud, A. (2015). Competence-creating subsidiaries and FDI technology spillovers. International Business Review, 24(4), 605-614. Haddad, M., & Harrison, A. (1993). Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment?: Evidence from panel data for Morocco. Journal of Development Economics, 42(1), 51-74. Hedlund, G. (1994). A model of knowledge management and the N‐form corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 15(S2), 73-90. Hobday, M., & Rush, H. (2007). Upgrading the technological capabilities of foreign transnational subsidiaries in developing countries: The case of electronics in Thailand. Research Policy, 36(9), 1335-1356. Hyman, B. (2011). The structural preconditions for maximizing FDI spillovers in Colombia: a sectoral impact analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on labor payments, firm productivity, and the productive structure industry output,(1995-2009). (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Massachusetts: MIT. Hymer, S. H. (1976). The international operations of national firms: A study of foreign direct investment. Cambridge: MIT Press. Iammarino, S., Padilla-Pérez, R., & Von Tunzelmann, N. (2008). Technological capabilities and global–local interactions: the electronics industry in two Mexican regions. World Development, 36(10), 1980-2003. Javorcik, B. S. (2004). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. American economic review, 94(3), 605-627. Javorcik, B. S., & Spatareanu, M. (2008). To share or not to share: Does local participation matter for spillovers from foreign direct investment? Journal of Development Economics, 85(1-2), 194-217. Kalin, Y. (2009). FDI in Colombia: Policy and Economic Effects. [Serie de Documentos CEDE No 25]. Bogotá: CEDE Knell, M., & Rojec, M. (2011). Why is there little evidence of knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment? Unpublished academic paper. Kuemmerle, W. (1999). The drivers of foreign direct investment into research and development: an empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(1), 1-24. Kugler, M. (2006). Spillovers from foreign direct investment: Within or between industries? Journal of Development Economics, 80(2), 444-477. Lee, C. Y., & Wu, F. C. (2010). Factors affecting knowledge transfer and absorptive capacity in multinational corporations. The Journal of International Management Studies, 5(2), 118-126. Levinsohn, J., & Petrin, A. (2003). Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables. The Review of Economic Studies, 70(2), 317-341. Marin, A., & Arza, V. (2010). The role of multinational corporations in national innovation systems in developing countries: from technology diffusion to international involvement. In B. Å. Lundvall, K. Joseph, & C. Chaminade (Eds.), Handbook of innovation systems and developing countries: building domestic capabilities in a global setting. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Marin, A., & Bell, M. (2006). Technology spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI): the active role of MNE subsidiaries in Argentina in the 1990s. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(4), 678-697. Marin, A., & Bell, M. (2010). The local/global integration of MNE subsidiaries and their technological behaviour: Argentina in the late 1990s. Research Policy, 39(7), 919-931. Marin, A., & Costa, I. (2010). Thinking locally: exploring the importance of a subsidiarycentred model of FDI-related spillovers in Brazil. International journal of technological learning, innovation and development, 3(1), 87-107. Marin, A., & Sasidharan, S. (2010). Heterogeneous MNE subsidiaries and technological spillovers: Explaining positive and negative effects in India. Research Policy, 39(9), 1227-1241. Meyer, K. E., & Sinani, E. (2009). When and where does foreign direct investment generate positive spillovers? A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(7), 1075-1094. Monteiro, L. F., Arvidsson, N., & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations: Explaining subsidiary isolation and its performance implications. Organization Science, 19(1), 90-107. Narula, R. (2002). Innovation systems and inertia’in R&D location: Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in. Research Policy, 31(5), 795-816. Nobel, R., & Birkinshaw, J. (1998). Innovation in multinational corporations: control and communication patterns in international R & D operations. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 479-496. Papanastasslou, M., & Pearce, R. (1997). Technology sourcing and the strategic roles of manufacturing subsidiaries in the UK: local competences and global competitiveness. MIR: Management International Review, 37(1), 5-25. Pavitt, K., & Patel, P. (1999). Global corporations and national systems of innovation: who dominates whom?. Innovation policy in a global economy, 35, 56–67. Pearce, R. (1999). The evolution of technology in multinational enterprises: the role of creative subsidiaries. International Business Review, 8(2), 125-148. Perri, A., & Peruffo, E. (2016). Knowledge Spillovers from FDI: A Critical Review from the International Business Perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(1), 3-27. Petrin, A., Poi, B. P., & Levinsohn, J. (2004). Production function estimation in Stata using inputs to control for unobservables. Stata Journal, 4, 113-123. Pietrobelli, C., & Rabellotti, R. (2010). The global dimension of innovation systems: linking innovation systems and global value chains. In B. Lundvall, K. Joseph, C. Chaminade, & J. Vang (Eds.), Handbook of innovation systems and developing countries: building domestic capabilities in a global setting (pp. 214). Northampton: Edward Elgar. Plümper, T., & Troeger, V. E. (2007). Efficient estimation of time-invariant and rarely changing variables in finite sample panel analyses with unit fixed effects. Political Analysis, 15(2), 124-139. Sargent, J., & Matthews, L. (2006). The drivers of evolution/upgrading in Mexico’s maquiladoras: How important is subsidiary initiative? Journal of World Business, 41(3), 233-246. Smeets, R. (2008). Collecting the pieces of the FDI knowledge spillovers puzzle. The World Bank Research Observer, 23(2), 107-138. Stopford, J. M., & Wells Jr, L. T. (1972). Managing the multinational enterprise: Organization of the firm and ownership of the subsidiary. New York: Basic Books. Todo, Y., & Miyamoto, K. (2006). Knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment and the role of local R&D activities: evidence from Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 55(1), 173-200. Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The quarterly journal of economics, 80(2), 190 207. Veugelers, R., & Cassiman, B. (2004). Foreign subsidiaries as a channel of international technology diffusion: Some direct firm level evidence from Belgium. European Economic Review, 48(2), 455-476. Zander, I. (2002). The formation of international innovation networks in the multinational corporation: an evolutionary perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(2), 327-353. Zanfei, A. (2000). Transnational firms and the changing organisation of innovative activities. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(5), 515 542.