References 

Johnes, J. (2018), University rankings: What do they really show?, Scientometrics, 115(1), 585-606.

Kivinen, O., J. Hedman and K. Artukka (2017), Scientific publishing and global university rankings: How well are top publishing universities recognized?, Scientometrics, 112(1), 679-695.

Moed, H.F. (2017), A critical comparative analysis of five world university rankings, Scientometrics, 110(2), 967-990.

Pietrucha, J. (2018), Country-specific determinants of world university rankings, Scientometrics, 114(3), 1129-1139.

Piro, F.N. and G. Sivertsen (2016), How can differences in international university rankings be explained?, Scientometrics, 109(2), 2263-2278.

Shehatta, I. and K. Mahmood (2016), Corrrelation among top 100 universities in the major six global rankings: Policy implications, Scientometrics, 109(2), 1231-1254.

Tijssen, R.J.W., A. Yegros-Yegros and J.J. Winnink (2016), University-industry R&D linkage metrics: Validity and applicability in world university rankings, Scientometrics, 109(3), 677-696.

Times Higher Education (2018a), World University Rankings https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings.

Times Higher Education (2018b), Best Universities in the United States 2018 https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-unitedstates.

Times Higher Education (2018c), Best Universities in Japan https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-japan.

Times Higher Education (2018d), Japan University Rankings https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/japanuniversity/2018#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats.

Data Sources

National: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/about/relatedsites/title01/detail01/sdetail01/1375122.htm.

Public: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/about/relatedsites/title01/detail01/sdetail01/1375124.htm.

Private: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/about/relatedsites/title01/detail01/sdetail01/sdetail01/1375152.htm.