Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rocío Albert López-Ibor
Author-Workplace-Name: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Author-Name: Lorenzo Escot Mangas
Author-Email: escot@ccee.ucm.es
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Economía Aplicada, Pública y Política. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Author-Workplace-Homepage: https://www.ucm.es/eapp
Author-Name: José Andrés Fernández Cornejo
Author-Email: jafercor@ccee.ucm.es
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Economía Aplicada, Pública y Política. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Author-Workplace-Homepage: https://www.ucm.es/eapp
Author-Name: Javier Saiz Briones 
Author-Workplace-Name: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Title: Gender discrimination in promotion: the case of Spanish labor market 
Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that a glass ceiling phenomenon exists in the Spanish labor market -that as women rise in 
	the professional hierarchy, they face increasing obstacles for promotion. Taking data from the Spanish Survey on Quality of 
	Life at Work (ECVT) for 2001, a number of indicators were selected for promotion: “number of promotions”, “supervision 
	levels”, “number of people supervised” and “net wage”.
	The relative gaps were calculated for each of the intervals (categories) for these variables, in order of size, starting 
	with the smallest. These measure the percentage by which women’s participation would have to increase in order to reach the 
	level that would exist if there were no discrimination (the latter being calculated, in line with the Oaxaca decomposition, 
	by evaluating women’s endowments in the model estimated for men, for whom it is assumed there is no gender discrimination). 
	In order to calculate these relative gaps, for each of the indicators one model was estimated for women and one for men. The 
	ordered probit model was used to calculate the probabilities (or theoretic frequencies) for the presence of women/men at 
	each of the intervals considered. The results indicated that, in all cases, the relative gap tends to increase as the 
	intervals rise. This might indicate the presence of a glass ceiling problem.
	The paper has four sections. The first covers the existing literature on the glass ceiling phenomenon. The second examines 
	the main characteristics of the data and shows some preliminary results. The third presents the ordered probit model used 
	to estimate the women’s and men’s equations. The fourth shows the main results. The closing section gives some conclusions.
Keywords: Glass ceiling, Descriminación de género, Mercado laboral, Labor market, Glass ceiling.
Length: 43 pages
Creation-Date: 2004 
Number: 04-05
X-File-Ref: http://america.sim.ucm.es/repec/ucm/ref/doctra04-05.txt
File-URL: https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/6829/1/0405.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:ucm:doctra:04-05